Mac OS 8.x was very much a stop-gap version which was brought out to try and keep the Mac OS moving forward during a very trying time for the platform. 8.0 added a number of features from the stillborn Copland project, while leaving the underlying operating system unchanged. The GUI was changed in appearance to a new greyscale look. Explore the world of Mac. Check out MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, iMac, Mac mini, and more. Visit the Apple site to learn, buy, and get support.

• Download macOS Catalina for an all‑new entertainment experience. Your music, TV shows, movies, podcasts, and audiobooks will transfer automatically to the Apple Music, Apple TV, Apple Podcasts, and Apple Books apps where you’ll still have access to your favorite iTunes features, including purchases, rentals, and imports.
• Explore the world of Mac. Check out MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, iMac, Mac mini, and more. Visit the Apple site to learn, buy, and get support.
• Mac OS X (whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and is a prominent part of its brand identity) is a Unix -based graphical operating system, built on technologies developed at NeXT (from the second half of the 1980s to Apple's purchase of the company in late 1996) in combination with technologies from Apple's 'classic' OS and technologies from FreeBSD.

A network operating system (NOS) is a specialized operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.

Historically operating systems with networking capabilities were described as network operating system, because they allowed personal computers (PCs) to participate in computer networks and shared file and printer access within a local area network (LAN). This description of operating systems is now largely historical, as common operating systems include a network stack to support a client–server model.

History[edit]

Early microcomputer operating systems such as CP/M, MS-DOS and classic Mac OS were designed for one user on one computer.^{[citation needed]}Packet switching networks were developed to share hardware resources, such as a mainframe computer, a printer or a large and expensive hard disk.^[1] As local area network technology became available, two general approaches to handle sharing of resources on networks arose.^{[citation needed]}

Historically a network operating system was an operating system for a computer which implemented network capabilities. Operating systems with a network stack allowed personal computers to participate in a client-server architecture in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources, such as printers.^[2][3][4] Early examples of client-server operating systems that were shipped with fully integrated network capabilities are Novell NetWare using the Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) network protocol and Banyan VINES which used a variant of the Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocols.^{[citation needed]}

These limited client/server networks were gradually replaced by Peer-to-peer networks, which used networking capabilities to share resources and files located on a variety of computers of all sizes. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network.^[3] The most popular peer-to-peer networks as of 2020 are Ethernet, Wi-Fi and the Internet protocol suite. Software that allowed users to interact with these networks, despite a lack of networking support in the underlying manufacturer's operating system, was sometimes called a network operating system. Examples of such add-on software include Phil Karn's KA9Q NOS (adding Internet support to CP/M and MS-DOS), PC/TCP Packet Drivers (adding Ethernet and Internet support to MS-DOS), and LANtastic (for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and OS/2), and Windows for Workgroups (adding NetBIOS to Windows). Examples of early operating systems with peer-to-peer networking capabilities built-in include MacOS (using AppleTalk and LocalTalk), and the Berkeley Software Distribution.^{[citation needed]}

Today, distributed computing and groupware applications have become the norm. Computer operating systems include a networking stack as a matter of course.^[1] During the 1980s the need to integrate dissimilar computers with network capabilities grew and the number of networked devices grew rapidly. Partly because it allowed for multi-vendor interoperability, and could route packets globally rather than being restricted to a single building, the Internet protocol suite became almost universally adopted in network architectures. Thereafter, computer operating systems and the firmware of network devices tended to support Internet protocols.^[5]

Network device operating systems[edit]

Network operating systems can be embedded in a router or hardware firewall that operates the functions in the network layer (layer 3).^[6] Notable network operating systems include:

Proprietary network operating systems[edit]

• Cisco IOS, a family of network operating systems used on most Cisco Systemsrouters and current Cisco network switches. Earlier switches ran the Catalyst Operating System CatOS
• RouterOS by MikroTik.
• ZyNOS, used in network devices made by ZyXEL.

NetBSD, FreeBSD, or Linux based operating systems[edit]

• DD-WRT, Linux kernel based DD-WRT is Linux-based firmware for wireless routers and access points as well as low-cost networking device platforms such as the LinksysWRT54G
• Dell Networking Operating System, DNOS9 is NetBSD based, while OS10 uses the Linux kernel
• Extensible Operating System runs on switches from Arista and uses an unmodified Linux kernel
• ExtremeXOS (EXOS), used in network devices made by Extreme Networks
• FTOS or Force10 Operating System, is the firmware family used on Force10 Ethernet switches
• OpenWrt used to route IP packets on embedded devices
• pfSense, a fork of M0n0wall, uses PF
• SONiC, a Linux-based network operating system developed by Microsoft
• Cumulus Linux distribution, which uses the full TCP/IP stack of Linux
• VyOS, an open source fork of the Vyatta routing package
• ONOS, an open source SDN operating system (hosted by The Linux Foundation) for communications service providers that is designed for scalability, high performance and high availability.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abAnn McHoes & Ida M. Flynn (2012). Understanding Operating Systems (6 ed.). cengage Learning. p. 318. ISBN9781133417569.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
2. ^Dean, Tamara (2009). 'Network Operating Systems', Network+ Guide to Networks, 421(483)
3. ^ ^abWinkelman, Dr. Roy (2009). 'Chapter 6: Software', An Educator's Guide to School Networks, 6.
4. ^Davis, Ziff (2011). 'network operating system', PCmag.comRetrieved 5/7/2011.
5. ^Ann McHoes & Ida M. Flynn (2012). Understanding Operating Systems (6 ed.). cengage Learning. p. 305. ISBN9781133417569.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
6. ^Al-Shawakfa, Emad; Evens, Martha (2001). 'The Dialoguer: An Interactive Bilingual Interface to a Network Operating System.', Expert Systems Vol. 18 Issue 3, p131, 19p, Retrieved 5/7/2011.

External links[edit]

Philmac Australia

Turns out the best things in life are free after all.

When Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Mac OS X 10.1 at Macworld Expo New York, he said the first major update to the next-generation operating system would be free — although the company planned to added a $19.95 shipping charge for sending out the update CD. Up until Apple Vice President Phil Schiller’s Tuesday keynote speech at the Seybold Seminars, Apple gave every indication that the update would only be available via the mail — a decision that irked some Mac users, who weren’t pleased about paying another $20 on top of the $129 they originally spent on OS X.

Apple still plans to make the OS X 10.1 update available as a $19.95 upgrade package. The full upgrade package includes an OS X 10.1 CD, the Mac OS 9.2.1 update, a developer tools CD, and a user’s guide.

Phil Mac Os Download

But Jobs announced during Tuesday’s keynote that the company will also give away free update CDs at its own stores and through Mac resellers, starting this weekend when OS X 10.1 ships. The free update package, which includes OS X 10.1, Mac OS 9.2.1, and a Mac OS X manual, is available through October 31 or while supplies last.

“OS 10.1 has shaped up to be a fantastic release,” Ken Bereskin, Apple’s director of product marketing for OS technologies, said Tuesday. “It’s turned out so great, we wanted every OS X user to upgrade as soon as possible.” Bereskin also described the free update as a way of “thanking” Mac users who were among the first to switch to OS X.

Free or no, Apple doesn’t plan to make OS X 10.1 available through OS X’s Software Update application. The four previous updates to the operating system had been available for download. But OS X 10.1 is simply too large a file for the average user to download.

“This is a 500MB-plus file,” Bereskin told Macworld when the update was announced this summer. “A small number of our users with high-speed connections or a lot of patience could download this, but [downloading] can be problematic. To deliver a great user experience and get things up and running quickly, we’re relying on the CD-ROM.”

OS X’s Software Update feature is for “incremental updates,” Bereskin added. “But this is an improvement of the full OS package.”

Since Apple announced its update plans in July, the $19.95 shipping charge has been a hot topic in Macworld.com’s forums. Some readers surveyed by Macworld prior to Tuesday’s announcement objected to what they thought was an unnecessary expense.

“I don’t think Apple should charge for something that they know is needed,” said Brian Sullivan, a Massachusetts state trooper who also runs his own small business. “Basically they are soaking us for more money because we bought a halfway-completed product. I may buy it anyway, but I will do my best to persuade them to ship it free. Waiting for a download would be a better choice than paying for it, but I don’t want to wait.”

Phil Mac Os X

While some users balked at the charge, others said they were more than willing to pay for the OS X 10.1 CD.

“I have absolutely no problem paying $20 to get 10.1,” Chris Ruggiero, a southern California bus driver, told Macworld this summer. “I would much rather have a CD with the software on it than download it online. For a small update I think [downloading] is great. But for what I expect to be a large update, and possibly a full install, I would like a CD instead of a download.”

This isn’t the first time Apple has announced an OS X pricing policy only to reverse course. When announcing a shipping date for OS X at Macworld Expo San Francisco in January, the company indicated that users who paid $30 for the beta would have to pay the full $129 price. Within a few weeks, Apple announced it would offer beta users a rebate, knocking the $30 off of OS X’s price tag.